Chapter eight
Predictive control
section five: Infinite horizon predictive control laws: dual-mode
Dual-mode approaches build on the understanding of what constitutes a well-posed predictive control optimisation. Initially one can make an argument that one should optimise over predictions which include within the class at least one which is the 'global' unconstrained optimal.
Demonstrates, using state space models, how this can be done. Then extends this paradigm to a more general case called dual-mode control and develops the unconstrained MPC control law for this case. Finally gives some discussion to stability and argues that the use of dual-mode prediction eliminates some of the fundamental weaknesses associated to GPC/DMC.
Most of the chapter is based on the regulation problem in order to simplify the algebra, so only the last section considers extensions to deal with tracking and disturbance rejection. Also demonstrates that the use of a disturbance estimate will also give offset free tracking in the case of parameter uncertainty.
The focus is on the state-space case because, although possible, the algebra with transfer function and step response models is much more cumbersome without adding to the key concepts.
1. Introduction
Gives the human or philosophical thinking behind optimal predictive control and explains why this is an intuitively obvious approach to predictive control algorithm design. Implicitly builds on insights developed in chapter three.
2. Prediction structures and degrees of freedom
Shows how the 'global' unconstrained optimal can be embedded within system predictions and also how to add degrees of freedom which can be used for fine tuning. Gives fine details of the associated predictions which are analogous to developments in chapter one.
3. The performance index
Demonstrates how predictions based around the global unconstrained optimal can be substituted into the performance index to give a simple cost function. Introduces the augmented model as a mechanism for keeping the algebra very simple and transparent. Uses Lyapunov to deal with summations over an infinite horizon. Includes MATLAB code for computing the parameters.
4. Analysing the performance index
Analyses each component of the performance index in turn and demonstrates through argument and MATLAB examples how this has a very simple (and well conditioned) structure. Shows the optimised control law is independent of the control horizon.
5. Suboptimal dual mode MPC
Uses the concept of a dual-mode predictive in OMPC and allows some modification to give a more general dual-mode approach (Suboptimal MPC). Demonstrates how the algebra and computation is almost identical, but the performance index for SOMPC has a slightly more complex structure than OMPC which means the control law is also dependent on the control horizon.
6. Well-posed recursive decision making
Introduces concepts of consistent recursive decision making, that is how we ensure the optimisation at the current sample has a synergy with that taken at the previous sample. This is a prerequisite for the expectation of good behaviour/stability. It is shown how the concept of the tail captures this requirement.
7. Stability with infinite horizons and the tail
Introduces analysis and anticipation of closed-loop stability. Shows how the use of infinite horizons in conjunction with the tail enables guarantees of stability for the nominal case. Shows how dual-mode approaches, regardless of stabilising terminal mode, can meet these criteria.
8.Numerical examples and MATLAB
Uses MATLAB to illustrate the OMPC and SOMPC algorithms in the constraint free and regulation case. Both are guaranteed stable, however whereas OMPC gives zero perturbations (well-posed optimisation), SOMPC gives non-zero perturbations and a prediction mismatch. Nevertheless the SOMPC compensator tends towards OMPC and has a small prediction mismatch for high control horizons.
10. Tracking and disturbance rejection
Extends the earlier videos to include non-zero targets and disturbances. Demonstrates how near identical algebra and optimisation may be applicable by making use of superposition and deviation variables. Makes use of unbiased predictions and performance indices discussed in chapter one. MATLAB examples are included.
11. Disturbance estimates with an independent model
Earlier videos assumed the state and disturbance were known whereas in practice these need to be estimated. This video gives a brief review of he impact of using an independent model as an observer. Critically, although nominal stability results are unaffected, performance can be seriously degraded. Includes MATLAB comparisons.
12. Disturbance estimates with an observer
Earlier videos assumed the state and disturbance were known whereas in practice these need to be estimated. This video gives a brief review of he impact of including an observer. Critically, although nominal stability results are unaffected, performance can be seriously degraded. Also includes MATLAB comparisons with the independent model approach.